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51.
我国主要蔬菜和粮油作物的砷含量与砷富集能力比较 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
根据国内外文献报道,对蔬菜和粮油作物中砷的累积特点和富集能力进行总结和分析.结果表明.清洁区和污染区蔬菜的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-1.07 mg·kg-1和0.001-8.51 mg·kg-1(鲜重),均值分别为0.035 mg·kg-1和0.068 mg·kg-1不同种类蔬菜的砷含量由大到小,依次为:叶菜类>根茎类>茄果类>鲜豆类;清洁区和污染区粮油作物的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-2.20 mg·kg-1和0.007-6.83 mg·kg-1(干重),均值分别为0.081 mg·kg-1和0.294 mg·kg-1,其中水稻的砷含量显著高于小麦和玉米.从富集系数来看,叶莱类蔬菜的砷富集系数最高,芹菜、蕹菜、茼蒿、芥菜等蔬菜的抗砷污染能力较弱.粮食作物玉米的抗砷污染能力较强.与蔬菜砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)相比,我国砷污染区的蔬菜中有32.2%的样本砷含量超标,其中叶菜类和根茎类的超标率分别为47.9%和12.8%.与粮食砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)比较,我国污染区粮油作物的样本砷超标率为34.8%,其中水稻的超标率高达42.9%.玉米和小麦的超标率均高于20%. 相似文献
52.
以携带质粒pJP4[其上含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)降解功能的基因簇(tfd)]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x(pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,以生物膜系统为对象,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒pJP4水平转移介导基因强化降解2,4-D效应,考察了目标基因在系统中存在状况及基因强化对系统菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以2,4-D(初始浓度为170 mg/L±10 mg/L)为唯一碳源,向生物膜系统加入携pJP4质粒的基因工程菌对2,4-D的降解具有促进作用,运行初期,促进作用较弱,随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强,基因强化系统较对照系统对2,4-D的平均降解速率之差达13.3 mg/(L.h).通过对基因强化系统功能基因片段tfdB基因及报告基因gfp的跟踪检测,证实了在pJP4质粒介导下生物膜系统基因水平转移的发生.PCR-DGGE结果表明基因强化的生物膜系统较对照系统在受到2,4-D冲击条件下保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构. 相似文献
53.
Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial
functional diversity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity. 相似文献
54.
Zongming Wang Kaishan Song Bai Zhang Dianwei Liu Chunying Ren Ling Luo Ting Yang Ni Huang Liangjun Hu Haijun Yang Zhiming Liu 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,129(1-3):315-324
In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions. 相似文献
55.
以地理信息系统(简称GIS)的技术特点为基础,结合应急指挥系统中的功能需求,探讨化学事故应急指挥系统GIS平台能够实现的功能,以及为实现这些功能而构建的数据库的建设。将GIS技术应用在化学事故应急指挥系统中,能够迅速、直观地了解事故装置和设备情况,获得有关信息,进行事故模拟。对提高事故处理速度,缩短反应时间,减少事故损失具有重要意义。 相似文献
56.
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58.
微电解技术预处理印染废水 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
印染废水因污染物浓度高、色度大、可生化性差成为难处理的工业废水。本文采用微电解-生化工艺对印染废水进行工程实验,微电解预处理使废水中的COD大幅去除,并显著提高其可生化性;色度问题也得到了有效解决。工程实验结果表明,微电解-生化工艺处理效果好、出水水质稳定、运行费用低,处理后废水能达标排放。 相似文献
59.
Shunjiang Li Wei Li Xia Hu Linsheng Yang Ruodeng Xirao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(1):62-68
In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural
soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were
measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in
KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease
areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were
0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower
than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29
mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated
on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet
areas. 相似文献
60.
Guangxue Wu Zhenhu Hu Mark G. Healy Xinmin Zhan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(3):300-306
Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal (MBM) is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches, enhancement of the
solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures (55°C and 131°C)
and six sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 g/L). The MBM volatile solid (VS) reduction ratio
was up to 66% and 70% at 55°C and 131°C, respectively. At the same temperature, the VS reduction ratio increased with the
increase in the dosage of NaOH. The study on the methane (CH4) production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55°C did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding
CH4 production process. However, CH4 production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131°C. The CH4 production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH4/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH4/g VS MBM at 55°C and 131°C, respectively. 相似文献